French
blacks skeptical of race neutrality
By John Tagliabue
Published: Wednesday, September 21, 2005
PARIS
The French news media were captivated by Hurricane Katrina, pointing
out how the American government's faltering response brought into
plain view the sad lot of black Americans. But this time the French,
who have long criticized America's racism, could not overlook the
parallels at home.
"It is
true that the devastations of Katrina have cruelly shed light on
the wounds of America, ghettoization, poverty, criminality, racial
and territorial tensions," Le Figaro, the conservative daily,
said in an editorial on Sept. 8. "In France, those in disagreement
ran to pelt the 'American model' and the neoconservative president.
"But have
they only looked at the state of their own country?"
Since April,
48 people, most of them children and all of them black, have died
in fires in Paris.
In neighborhoods
like Château Rouge, filled with the hundreds of thousands
of nonwhite immigrants, some Arabs but mainly blacks, whom France
has absorbed over the years from former colonies in Africa and the
Caribbean, you feel the anger.
"It could
be a coincidence," said Sissouo Cheickh, bitterly, "but
one question the French have to answer is: Of 48 people who died,
why were 48 black?"
Cheickh, 28,
got a university degree in France, but rather than working for someone
else and running into what he and other young blacks say is France's
low glass ceiling, he decided to start his own business. Six months
ago he scraped together some money and opened a store.
"You see
these fabrics? All from Africa, from my family," said Cheickh,
who came from Mali, as he gestured toward colorful rolls of cloth.
France has long
boasted of itself as the cradle of human rights and a bulwark against
racism. It regularly denounced racism in the United States, and
the road from Harlem to Paris was wide, inviting talented American
blacks like the dancer Josephine Baker, musicians like Sidney Bechet,
and writers like Richard Wright and James Baldwin.
But French insistence
on the equality of man leaves them in a bind, their black critics
say, perpetuating the fiction of a society without minorities.
The census in
France does not list people by race. Hence, while blacks are thought
to number about 1.5 million, of a total population of 59 million,
no one really knows the exact number, which is estimated to be far
higher.
There are virtually
no black people in corporate France, and blacks have almost no political
representation. No black person sits in the National Assembly or
in a regional parliament, and only a smattering are found in city
councils. The European Union finances programs for minorities but
not in France, because of its refusal to recognize minorities.
So, today, blacks
are not much on the French agenda. After the recent fires, the interior
minister, Nicolas Sarkozy, proposed a program of affirmative action
and a requirement that résumés conceal a person's
ethnic or racial identity. But the rest of the cabinet, including
the minister for equal opportunity, rejected the ideas, saying they
offended the fundamental principle of equality.
"The French
like to say, 'Blacks are a social problem, not racial,"' said
Gaston Kelman, 52, a native of Cameroon who has written widely on
France's black population. "So our institutions have no means
to overcome it."
Until recently,
virtually all blacks were on the lowest rung of the social ladder.
Gradually, however, a younger generation is, like Cheickh, gaining
education, starting businesses and gradually giving birth to a black
middle class. They feel the discrimination they say is rampant in
French society and are beginning to resist.
After graduating
with a degree in economics and data processing, Claude Vuaki tried
his hand at several jobs before deciding to start his own business.
Together with his wife, Kibe, he opened a beauty salon in central
Paris. But Vuaki's search for start-up capital was typical of the
black experience. "They said right off, no loan, no money,"
said Vuaki, 52. He and his wife managed to gather some family savings
and self-financed their shop.
Now the business
is so successful that they plan a second shop, in Nice or Cannes.
Kibe Vuaki travels regularly to the United States to study African-American
hairstyles.
Still, Claude
Vuaki remains one of a relatively small minority. Most blacks are
employed in menial jobs, in construction or transportation.
What encourages
people like him is that the glass ceiling often felt by young blacks
who get an education is not discouraging them, but increasingly
prompting them to strike out on their own.
"A lot
of people I know want to create something of their own," he
said, often in landscaping, construction and delivery services.
Still, Kelman
said this slight opening is not inhibiting many young Africans with
an education from striking off for Britain, Canada and the United
States, where they think they will find greater opportunities.
Asked whether
the French people are racist, Kelman replied: "It's a racism
of nuance. Every Frenchman would immediately say, 'One of my closest
friends is black."'
Kelman said
government housing and employment policies create an "institutionalized
ghetto-building." He described with a laugh a typical job interview
for a black candidate. When the boss realizes the candidate is black,
he begins praising the sights and sounds of Africa he discovered
on his last vacation there: the broad beaches, beautiful greenery,
vast sky. Needless to say, the candidate does not get the job.
In the schools,
white pupils are typically encouraged to continue studying while
black children are often steered toward vocational studies. The
influence of African-Americans, through television, films and sports,
is everywhere. Some young blacks turn to Afrocentrism, Kelman said,
others to rappers and others to black Muslim groups. What they do
not turn to is mainstream French society.
"We're
at an impasse," Kelman said.
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